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Radio jamming

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Radio jamming is the deliberate blocking of or interference with <a href="Wireless_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communications">wireless communications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fcc-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In some cases, jammers work by the transmission of <a href="Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">radio signals</a> that disrupt <a href="Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> by decreasing the <a href="Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berg2008-3">[3]</a>

The concept can be used in <a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless data networks</a> to disrupt information flow.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is a common form of censorship in totalitarian countries, in order to prevent foreign radio stations in border areas from reaching the country.<a href="#cite_note-Berg2008-3">[3]</a>

Jamming is usually distinguished from interference that can occur due to device malfunctions or other accidental circumstances. Devices that simply cause interference are regulated differently. Unintentional "jamming" occurs when an operator transmits on a busy <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> without first checking whether it is in use, or without being able to hear stations using the frequency. Another form of unintentional jamming occurs when equipment accidentally <a href="Radiation" title="Radiation">radiates</a> a signal, such as a <a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> plant that accidentally emits on an aircraft emergency frequency.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_between_"jamming"_and_"interference"">Distinction between "jamming" and "interference"</h2></div>

Originally the terms were used interchangeably but nowadays most radio users use the term "jamming" to describe the deliberate use of radio noise or signals in an attempt to disrupt communications (or prevent listening to broadcasts) whereas the term "interference" is used to describe unintentional forms of disruption (which are far more common). However, the distinction is still not universally applied. For inadvertent disruptions, see <a href="Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">electromagnetic compatibility</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2></div>

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Intentional communications jamming is usually aimed at radio signals to disrupt control of a battle. A <a href="Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>, tuned to the same frequency as the opponents' receiving equipment and with the same type of <a href="Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a>, can, with enough power, override any signal at the <a href="Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a>. Digital wireless jamming for signals such as <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> and <a href="Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">WiFi</a> is possible with very low power.

The most common types of this form of signal jamming are <a href="Random_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Random noise">random noise</a>, random pulse, stepped tones, warbler, random keyed modulated <a href="Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">CW</a>, tone, rotary, pulse, spark, recorded sounds, gulls, and sweep-through. These can be divided into two groups: obvious and subtle.

Obvious jamming is easy to detect because it can be heard on the receiving equipment. It is usually some type of noise, such as stepped tones (bagpipes), random-keyed code, pulses, music (often distorted), erratically warbling tones, highly distorted speech, random noise (hiss), and recorded sounds. Various combinations of these methods may be used, often accompanied by regular <a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> identification signals to enable individual transmitters to be identified in order to assess their effectiveness. For example, China, which did and does use jamming extensively, plays a loop of <a href="Guoyue" title="Guoyue">traditional Chinese music</a> while it is jamming channels (cf. <a href="Numbers_station#Attempted_jamming" title="Numbers station">Attempted jamming of numbers stations</a>).

The purpose of this type of jamming is to block reception of transmitted signals and to cause a nuisance to the receiving operator. One early Soviet attempt at jamming Western broadcasters used the noise from the <a href="Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generator</a> that was powering the jamming transmitter.

Subtle jamming is jamming during which no sound is heard on the receiving equipment. The radio does not receive incoming signals; yet everything seems superficially normal to the operator. These are often technical attacks on modern equipment, such as "squelch capture". Thanks to the FM <a href="Capture_effect" title="Capture effect">capture effect</a>, <a href="Frequency_modulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency modulated">frequency modulated</a> broadcasts may be jammed, unnoticed, by a simple unmodulated carrier. The receiver locks on to the larger carrier signal, and hence will ignore the FM signal that carries the information.

Digital signals use complex modulation techniques, such as <a href="Phase-shift_keying#Quadrature_phase-shift_keying_(QPSK)" title="Phase-shift keying">QPSK</a>. These signals are very robust in the presence of interfering signals. But the signal relies on hand shaking between the transmitter and receiver to identify and determine security settings and method of high-level transmission. If the jamming device sends initiation data packets, the receiver will begin its state machine to establish two-way data transmission. A jammer will loop back to the beginning instead of completing the handshake. This method jams the receiver in an infinite loop where it keeps trying to initiate a connection but never completes it, which effectively blocks all legitimate communication.

Bluetooth and other consumer radio protocols such as WiFi have built-in detectors, so that they transmit only when the channel is free. Simple continuous transmission on a given channel will continuously stop a transmitter transmitting, hence jamming the receiver from ever hearing from its intended transmitter. Other jammers work by analysing the packet headers and, depending on the source or destination, selectively transmitting over the end of the message, corrupting the packet.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_jammers">Types of jammers</h3></div>

<ul><li>Portable jammers are phone-sized and low-powered devices. They can block data delivery at a distance up to 15 meters without barriers.</li>

<li>Stationary jammers are more expensive and powerful. They usually have a larger jamming radius and wider frequency band. Strong jammers can require additional cooling as they can overheat. Stationary jammers usually have a range of 100 meters and require a power supply of 230 V.</li>

<li>Self-made jammers are low-power devices that work over short ranges. However, the coverage can be extended using broadband amplifiers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

During <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, ground <a href="Radio_operator" title="Radio operator">radio operators</a> would attempt to mislead <a href="Pilots" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilots">pilots</a> by false instructions in their own <a href="Language" title="Language">language</a>, in what was more precisely a <a href="Spoofing_attack" title="Spoofing attack">spoofing attack</a> than jamming. <a href="Radar_jamming" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar jamming">Radar jamming</a> is also important to disrupt use of <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> used to guide an enemy's <a href="Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> or <a href="Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. Modern secure communication techniques use such methods as <a href="Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a> modulation to resist the deleterious effects of jamming.

Jamming of foreign radio <a href="Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcast</a> stations has often been used in wartime (and during periods of tense international relations) to prevent or deter citizens from listening to broadcasts from enemy countries. However, such jamming is usually of limited effectiveness because the affected stations usually change frequencies, put on additional frequencies and/or increase transmission power.

Jamming has also occasionally been used by the governments of Germany (during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Cuba, Iraq, Iran (during the <a href="Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran-Iraq War</a>), China, North and South Korea and several Latin American countries, as well as by <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> against <a href="Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> stations such as <a href="Radio_Nova_(Ireland)" title="Radio Nova (Ireland)">Radio Nova</a>. The United Kingdom government used two coordinated, separately located transmitters to jam the <a href="Offshore_radio" title="Offshore radio">offshore radio</a> ship, <a href="Radio_North_Sea_International" title="Radio North Sea International">Radio North Sea International</a> off the coast of Britain in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">Censorship in Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="S%C3%A4kkij%C3%A4rven_polkka" title="Säkkijärven polkka">Säkkijärven polkka</a></div>

In occupied Europe the <a href="Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> attempted to jam broadcasts to the continent from the <a href="BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC</a> and other allied stations. Along with increasing <a href="Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> power and adding extra frequencies, attempts were made to counteract the jamming by dropping <a href="Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">leaflets</a> over cities instructing listeners to construct a directional <a href="Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">loop aerial</a> that would enable them to hear the stations through the jamming. In the Netherlands such aerials were nicknamed "moffenzeef" (English: "kraut sieve").<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

During the <a href="Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, after discovering the fact that the mines that the retreating <a href="Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet</a> forces had scattered throughout the city of <a href="Viipuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Viipuri">Viipuri</a> were radio-triggered rather than timer- or pressure-triggered, the Finnish forces played <a href="Viljo_Vesterinen" title="Viljo Vesterinen">Vesterinen</a>'s recording of <a href="S%C3%A4kkij%C3%A4rven_polkka" title="Säkkijärven polkka">Säkkijärven Polkka</a> without any pauses from September 4, 1941 to February 2, 1942, as they, to demine the city, needed to block the Soviets from activating the mines through the correct radio wave. The Soviets tried to trigger the mines by changing frequency; the mines had been set up to be able to be triggered by three different frequencies. The Finns countered this by playing Säkkijärven Polkka on all frequencies. During the <a href="Battle_of_the_Beams" title="Battle of the Beams">Battle of the Beams</a> Britain jammed navigation signals used by German aircraft while the Soviets attempted to do likewise to American aircraft during the <a href="Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio in the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship in the Soviet Union</a></div>

Since the Soviet Union started jamming Western radio broadcasts to the Soviet Union in 1948 the primary targets have been the <a href="BBC_External_Broadcasting_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC External Broadcasting Services">BBC External Broadcasting Services</a>, <a href="Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> (VOA) and especially <a href="Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">RFE/RL</a>. Western nations had allowed jamming prior to World War II, but in the post-War era the Western view has been that jamming violates the <a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a> while the Soviet view has been that under the international law principle of <a href="National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">national sovereignty</a> jamming is an acceptable response to foreign radio broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-umich-11">[11]</a>

During much of the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> (and <a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>) jamming of some Western broadcasters led to a "power race" in which broadcasters and jammers alike repeatedly increased their transmission power, utilised highly <a href="HRS_type_antennas" class="mw-redirect" title="HRS type antennas">directional</a> antennas and added extra frequencies (known as "barrage" or "frequency diversity" broadcasting) to the already heavily overcrowded <a href="Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> bands to such an extent that many broadcasters not directly targeted by the jammers (including pro-Soviet stations) suffered from the rising levels of noise and interference.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

There were also periods when <a href="China" title="China">China</a> and the Soviet Union jammed each other's programmes. The Soviet Union also jammed <a href="Radio_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Tirana">Albanian</a> programmes at times.

Some parts of the world were more affected by these broadcasting practices than others

<ul><li><a href="Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> (worst affected, including <a href="Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> frequencies particularly 720 kHz used by RFE)</li>

<li><a href="North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>, Americas and Sub-Saharan Africa (partly affected)</li>

<li><a href="Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, South America (rarely affected)</li></ul>

Meanwhile, some listeners in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc devised ingenious methods (such as homemade directional <a href="Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">loop antennas</a>) to hear the Western stations through the noise. Because <a href="Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a> on shortwave can be difficult to predict reliably, listeners sometimes found that there were days/times when the jamming was particularly ineffective because radio fading (due to <a href="Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">atmospheric conditions</a>) was affecting the jamming signals but favouring the broadcasts (a phenomenon sometimes dubbed "twilight immunity"). On other days of course the reverse was the case. There were also times when jamming transmitters were (temporarily) off air due to breakdowns or maintenance. The Soviets (and most of their Eastern bloc allies) used two types of jamming transmitter. <a href="Skywave" title="Skywave">Skywave</a> jamming covered a large area but for the reasons described was of limited effectiveness. <a href="Groundwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwave">Groundwave</a> jamming was more effective but only over a small area and was thus used only in/near major cities throughout the Eastern Bloc. Both types of jamming were less effective on higher shortwave frequencies (above 15 MHz); however, many radios sold on the domestic market in the Soviet Union didn't tune these higher bands.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Skywave jamming was usually accompanied by <a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">morse</a> signals in order to enable (coded) identification of the jamming station in order that Soviet monitoring posts could assess the effectiveness of each station.

In 1987 after decades of generally refusing to acknowledge that such jamming was even taking place the Soviets finally stopped jamming western broadcasts with the exception of <a href="Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">RFE/RL</a> which continued to be jammed for several months into 1988. Previously there had been periods when some individual Eastern bloc countries refrained from jamming Western broadcasts but this varied widely by time and country. In general outside of the Soviet Union itself <a href="People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> was one of the most prolific operators of jamming transmitters in the Eastern bloc with <a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and <a href="Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> the least.

While <a href="NATO" title="NATO">western governments</a> may have occasionally considered jamming broadcasts from Eastern Bloc stations, it was generally accepted that doing so would be a pointless exercise. Ownership of shortwave radios was less common in western countries than in the Soviet Union where, due to the vast physical size of the country, many <a href="Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Broadcasting in the Soviet Union">domestic stations</a> were relayed on shortwave as it was the only practical way to cover remote areas. Additionally, western governments were generally less afraid of intellectual competition from the Eastern Bloc.

In <a href="Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> the dictatorship jammed for decades Radio España Independiente, the radio station of the <a href="Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> which broadcast from <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (1941–1955), <a href="Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (1955–1977) and East Berlin. It was the most important clandestine broadcaster in Spain and the regime considered it a threat, since it allowed its citizens to skip the censorship of the local media.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Broadcasts from East Germany to South Africa were also jammed.

In Latin America there were instances of communist radio stations such as <a href="Radio_Venceremos" title="Radio Venceremos">Radio Venceremos</a> being jammed, allegedly by the <a href="Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, while there were short lived instances where Britain jammed some Egyptian (during the <a href="Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>), <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> (prior to <a href="British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> gaining independence) and <a href="Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesian</a> stations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> During the early years of the Northern Ireland troubles the British army regularly jammed broadcasts from both Republican and Loyalist paramilitary groups.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Cold_War_(1989–present)">Post Cold War (1989–present)</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming in China</a> and <a href="Censorship_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the People's Republic of China">Censorship in the People's Republic of China</a></div>

In 2002, China acquired standard short-wave radio-broadcasting equipment designed for general public radio-broadcasting and technical support from Thales Broadcast Multimedia, a former subsidiary of the French state-owned company <a href="Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a>.

<ul><li>Thales jamming technology operates only at power levels below 500 kW (for its shortwave jamming products).</li>

<li>Adele Milna (BSEE) of Continental Electronics (in an audio file held at shortwave.org) claims that China has duplicated his company's 100 kW, 250 kW shortwave transmitters.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is unclear if these products were indeed duplicated or if broadcast jamming (as opposed to future product sales) were a reason for the duplication.</li></ul>

Debates have been raised in Iran regarding the possible health hazards of satellite jamming. Iranian officials including the health minister have claimed that jamming has no health risk for humans. However, the minister of communication has recently admitted that satellite jamming has 'serious effects' and has called for identification of jamming stations so they can put a stop to this practice.<a href="#cite_note-Minister_of_Communications-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The government has generally denied any involvement in jamming and claimed they are sent from unknown sources.<a href="#cite_note-Minister_of_Communications-18">[18]</a> According to some sources, <a href="IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">IRGC</a> is the organization behind satellite jamming in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div>

The <a href="Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> have, since the summer of 2015, begun using a multi-functional <a href="Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">EW</a> weapon system in <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, known as <a href="Borisoglebsk_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Borisoglebsk 2">Borisoglebsk 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deagel.com-22">[22]</a> It is postulated that this system has defeated communications in parts of that country, including mobile telephony and <a href="GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-deagel.com-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Radio_jamming_in_Korea" title="Radio jamming in Korea">Radio jamming in Korea</a></div>

<ul><li>Since the early 1960s, the practice of radio jamming has been very common in <a href="Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, blocking not only American government funded radio stations (such as <a href="Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>) but also <a href="Ham_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio">Ham radio</a> signals,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and stations owned and/or operated by (or selling airtime to) <a href="Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exile</a> groups transmitting from <a href="Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, such as La Cubanisima, Radio Mambi, <a href="WWFE" title="WWFE">WWFE</a> La Poderosa and Cadena Azul. The same practice has been applied to <a href="Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%AD" title="Radio y Televisión Martí">Radio y Televisión Martí</a>, operated by the <a href="United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">U.S. Information Agency</a> since 1985.</li>

<li><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> still regularly jam some of each other's radio (and sometimes television) stations.</li>

<li>Several Middle Eastern countries (particularly <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) jam shortwave broadcasts (and even occasionally attempt to jam satellite TV signals<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>) targeted at their countries.</li>

<li>Pakistan has contemplated jamming <a href="Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> stations operated by the <a href="Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in all jails across Pakistan. This decision has led to an outcry from Pakistani cellular operators, who state that most of the jails lie in urban areas with a resultant impact on the cellular service of all operators in the adjacent area of jails.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li>

<li>Ethiopia has jammed the <a href="Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and <a href="VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">VOA</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> transmissions as well as Ethiopian Satellite Television (<a href="ESAT" title="ESAT">ESAT</a>)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and <a href="Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> radio stations.</li>

<li>Vietnam jams the Vietnamese service of <a href="Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Radio Đáp Lời Song Núi,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> some <a href="Far_East_Broadcasting_Company" title="Far East Broadcasting Company">FEBC</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> programs, mostly in Vietnamese minority languages as well as <a href="SR_International_%E2%80%93_Radio_Sweden" title="SR International – Radio Sweden">Radio Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> with a "siren" jammer and "bubble" jammer on <a href="FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> frequencies.</li>

<li>In Nigeria, the <a href="Nigerian_Broadcasting_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Broadcasting Commission">Nigerian Broadcasting Commission</a> has claimed it jams the signal of Radio <a href="Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li>

<li>In <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the use of wireless signal jammers is illegal. There is a single exception to this rule. South Africa's State Security Cluster may, in certain instances, employ signal jammers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li>

<li>In <a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, a local <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a> Hang FM 106.0 MHz based Islamic radio station of Indonesia radio stations has been jammed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> It transmits up to Singapore and Johor Bahru in Malaysia at 10 kW transmission power.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Hang FM 106.0 MHz was accused by Singapore authorities of spreading extremist and terrorist propaganda. Four Singaporeans were detained by police under the Internal Security Act (ISA) when they attempted to move to Syria and join ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> Radio Hang FM has denied this accusation. Station Manager of Hang FM Radio, Abu Yusuf, rejected any link between Hang FM Radio and radicalism. According to him, the broadcast material is also in accordance with the understanding of Ahlus sunnah wal Jamaah, which apart from rejecting radicalism, terrorism, and especially <a href="Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a>, also rejects other ideas or actions that are contrary to the basic principles of the peace-loving Islamic religion. Meanwhile, Deputy Chair of the Riau Islands <a href="Indonesian_Broadcasting_Commission" title="Indonesian Broadcasting Commission">Regional Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPID)</a>, Suyono, said that while under KPID supervision, in its broadcasts Radio Hang FM actually rejected radicalism and terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-46">[46]</a> Singapore also considered banning Hang FM website.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div>

Radio jamming (or "comm jamming") is a common plot element in the <a href="Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> franchise. In Star Wars: Episode VI - <a href="Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a>, when the Rebel fleet approaches the Galactic Empire's force, believing themselves to be launching a surprise attack, General <a href="Lando_Calrissian" title="Lando Calrissian">Lando Calrissian</a> realizes the Empire is jamming their signals, and therefore know they are approaching.

In the film <a href="Star_Trek_II%3A_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan">Star Trek II</a>, after receiving a distress call from the space station Regula I, Captain Kirk attempts to establish communications, but the Enterprise's comm officer Lt. Uhura reports that further transmissions are "jammed at the source".

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<ul><li><a href="Radar_jamming_and_deception" title="Radar jamming and deception">Radar jamming and deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_of_Old_Crows" title="Association of Old Crows">Association of Old Crows</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspidistra_(transmitter)" title="Aspidistra (transmitter)">Aspidistra (transmitter)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Bloc_information_dissemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc information dissemination">Eastern Bloc information dissemination</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_jammer" title="Mobile phone jammer">Mobile phone jammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microphone_blocker" title="Microphone blocker">Microphone blocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_jamming_in_Korea" title="Radio jamming in Korea">Radio jamming in Korea</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-criticized-by-us-for-jamming-voa-signals-88733542/153788.html">"US Criticizes Ethiopia for Jamming VOA Signals"</a>. VOA: News / Africa. VOA. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710203244/http://www.ethsat.com/PDF/ESAT_Press_Release_May_30.pdf">"#"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethsat.com/PDF/ESAT_Press_Release_May_30.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on Jul 10, 2011. Retrieved Jan 4, 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202124228/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/07/briefs.am/radio.free.asia.html">"CNN - Radio Free Asia says broadcasts to Vietnam are being jammed - Feb. 7, 1997"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/07/briefs.am/radio.free.asia.html">the original</a> on December 2, 2016. Retrieved 2021-12-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/interview-producer-radio-dlsn-hg-05092011132433.html">"Đài "Đáp Lời Sông Núi" sẽ phát thanh về VN"</a>. Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 2021-12-09.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFdavidvranish" class="citation web cs1">davidvranish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnnonline.org/news/missionary-radio-is-being-jammed-in-veitnam/">"Missionary Radio is being jammed in Veitnam [sic]"</a>. Mission Network News. Retrieved 2021-12-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNilsson2003" class="citation web cs1">Nilsson, Christer (2003-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scandasia.com/571-vietnamese-jamming-of-radio-sweden-broadcastings-causes-strong-protest/">"Vietnamese jamming of Radio Sweden broadcastings causes strong protest"</a>. Scandasia. Retrieved 2021-12-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/news/nbc-jams-radio-biafra-signals-in-lagos/">"NBC jams Radio Biafra signals in Lagos"</a>. The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-12-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cellular/118871-this-is-who-may-jam-cellular-signals-in-south-africa.html">"This is who may jam cellular signals in South Africa"</a>. MyBroadband. 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2018-03-09. <q>Icasa summarised its position on the issue of cellphone signal jamming as follows: *The use of jamming devices by any entity other than National Security Cluster Departments is not authorised and/or permitted. *The National Security Cluster departments may, where supported by relevant security legislation, deploy the use of jammers in relation to, amongst others, State security functions.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFLog2019" class="citation web cs1">Log, Philip Dxing (2019-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philipdxinglog.blogspot.com/2019/06/hangfm-106-jammed-in-singapore.html">"Philip DXing Log Malaysia 飛力浦DX廣播情報局: Batam based radio station Hang FM 106.0MHz is jammed by Singapore"</a>. Philip DXing Log Malaysia 飛力浦DX廣播情報局. Retrieved 2023-09-30.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_5owN1ouP4">VIDEO: Hang FM 106.0MHz (Batam Indonesia) signal jammed in Singapore (June 2019)</a>, 19 December 2020, retrieved 2023-09-30</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/A-5epzUCDZM">Hang FM 106.0MHz dari pemancar Kota Batam Indonesia terima isyarat di Johor Bahru Johor</a>, retrieved 2023-09-30</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/QYevqWf1D0Y">Hang FM 106.0Mhz from Kota Batam Indonesia reception in Tanjung Piai Johor.</a>, retrieved 2023-09-30</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxC604T-K9Q">(FM DX)Hang FM 106.0MHz from Batam,Indonesia received in Tebrau,Johor</a>, 30 August 2022, retrieved 2023-09-30</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_44-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpnn.com/news/singapura-tuding-radio-hang-fm-di-batam-penyebar-paham-isis">"JPNN"</a>. www.jpnn.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-09-30.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFToday2016" class="citation web cs1">Today, Moslem (2016-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moslemtoday.com/dituding-media-singapura-terlibat-isis-ini-jawaban-pihak-radio-hang-fm-batam-dan-kpid/">"Dituding Media Singapura Terlibat ISIS, Ini Jawaban Pihak Radio Hang FM Batam dan KPID"</a>. Moslemtoday.com News Channel. Retrieved 2023-09-30.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/22/batam-radio-co-founder-denied-entry-to-singapore-for-alleged-salafi-links.html">"Batam radio co-founder denied entry to Singapore for alleged Salafi links"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2023-09-30.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiojamming.puslapiai.lt/">extensive site on radio jamming</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monitor.ibb.gov/jamming/">Article on recent jammers with audio samples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721042856/http://monitor.ibb.gov/jamming/">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intervalsignals.net/files/ukg-z-bbc_russian_jamming.m3u">Audio sample of jamming (c1982) at start of BBC World service (Russian) programme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225092539/http://www.intervalsignals.net/files/ukg-z-bbc_russian_jamming.m3u">Archived</a> 2012-02-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> includes jamming station morse ID</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8575749.stm">Ethiopia jams VOA (2010)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams-mw.com">Ultra Fast Folloow Jammer Description (2007)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031029/http://www.ams-mw.com/">Archived</a> 2020-08-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskieradio.pl/68/2055/video/652120">R. Pleikys, D. Vildžiūnas. Empire of Noise (video).</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114094618/http://www.okupatsioon.ee/en/lists/47-aadu-jogisoo">Aadu Jogiaas: Disturbing soviet transmissions in August 1991.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antispygadget.com/2018/08/jammer-is-illegal-but-tempting.html">Portable jammer is illegal.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213125613/http://antispygadget.com/2018/08/jammer-is-illegal-but-tempting.html">Archived</a> 2020-02-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li>Words: Matt Bolton, Photographs: Matt Munro <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113200915/http://www.hot.ee/aasa/LPL_1211.pdf">The Tallinn Cables, A Glimpse Into Tallainn's Secret History of Espionage</a> Lonely Planet Magazine, December 2011</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Censorship56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">By copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li>

<li><a href="Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li>

<li><a href="De-banking" title="De-banking">De-banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallin's_spheres" title="Hallin's spheres">Hallin's spheres</a></li>

<li><a href="Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li>

<li><a href="Heckler's_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li>

<li><a href="Hush_money" title="Hush money">Hush money</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li>

<li><a href="Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_blackout" title="Media blackout">Media blackout</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li>

<li><a href="National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li>

<li><a href="News_embargo" title="News embargo">News embargo</a></li>

<li><a href="Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">Non-disclosure agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>

<li><a href="Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Redaction" title="Redaction">Redaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-injunctions_in_English_law" title="Super-injunctions in English law">Super-injunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li>

<li><a href="Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Chinese censorship abroad</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a>

<ul><li><a href="Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_police" title="Moral police">Moral police</a></li>

<li><a href="Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned parties</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_Islamic_societies" title="Censorship in Islamic societies">Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Police</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship by country</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blasphemy_law#By_country" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_the_Middle_East" title="Censorship in the Middle East">In the Middle East</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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